Topics / Algebra
Algebraic Manipulation
Factoring tricks (SFFT, difference of squares, sum of cubes), telescoping products, clever substitution, symmetric expressions
What you need to know
- Core identities: , , , .
- Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick (SFFT): . Given , add to both sides and read off factor pairs of .
- Symmetric expressions: and .
- Sophie Germain: ; also .
- With : and .
- Telescoping products: collapses after factoring.
How AMC 10 tests it
- Problems 3–10: a numeric expression such as or where brute force is possible but an identity makes it instant.
- Problems 8–15: "find all positive integers with " — SFFT, then count or sum the factor-pair solutions.
- Problems 10–16: given , compute or .
- Problems 12–18: a long product like or that telescopes after factoring.
- Problems 15–22: three variables with , , given (or derivable), asking for or a similar power sum.
Standard approaches
- Before computing, ask whether the expression is a difference of squares, a perfect square, or a sum or difference of cubes in disguise.
- If an equation has an term and linear terms, rearrange for SFFT and list all factor pairs of the constant, including negative ones.
- For problems, define and use .
- For long products or sums, factor each term completely and write out three or four consecutive terms to see what cancels.
- If a numeric expression looks designed, replace the big number by and simplify symbolically.
Worked example
How many ordered pairs of integers satisfy ?
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Group the terms: . To complete the factorization subtract from both sides:
Every integer factorization gives exactly one solution , . The number has positive divisors, so there are ordered positive factor pairs and more with both factors negative, for pairs in all. The answer is .
Pitfalls
- Forgetting negative factor pairs in SFFT (halving the count), or adding the completing constant to only one side.
- Sign errors between and , or in .
- Expanding a designed expression numerically instead of substituting a variable.
- In telescoping products, cancelling correctly but forgetting which boundary terms survive at each end.
Traps that recur
- Trying to reduce 2^202 by finding the order of 2 modulo the divisor, or forgetting to check that 201 is smaller than the divisor. (2020 AMC 10B #22)
- Trying to solve the system directly or subtracting the equations instead of adding them; the sum is the one combination that collapses to a sum of squares. (2012 AMC 10A #24)
- Trying to solve the two equations for a, b, c individually; the system has infinitely many solutions, and the target expression is the same for all of them. (2002 AMC 10B #20)
- Using 13 as a + b + c (each edge length appears 4 times, so a + b + c = 13/4) or 11/2 as ab + bc + ca instead of 11/4. (2023 AMC 10B #17)
Problems, easiest first
What is [ONLY FOR CERTAIN CHINESE TESTPAPERS] What is
What is the value of
What is the value of ?
The expression is equal to the fraction in which and are positive integers whose greatest common divisor is . What is
Assuming , , and , what is the value in simplest form of the following expression?
What is the value of
The sum of two nonzero real numbers is times their product. What is the sum of the reciprocals of the two numbers?
Suppose that and are nonzero real numbers such that . What is the value of ?
What is the value of ?
Positive integers and are each less than . What is the smallest possible value for ?
What is ?
Which of the following is equal to the product
Which of the following is the same as
What is the value of when ?
Real numbers and have arithmetic mean . The arithmetic mean of and is . What is the arithmetic mean of and ?
What is the value of
What is the least possible value of for real numbers and ?
Which of the following is equivalent to
There is a real such that . What is the sum of the digits of ?
Suppose that real number satisfies What is the value of ?
Points and are distinct points on the graph of . What is ?
For real numbers and , What is ?
Define . Which of the following describes the set of points for which ?
A rectangular parking lot has a diagonal of meters and an area of square meters. In meters, what is the perimeter of the parking lot?
Lucky Larry's teacher asked him to substitute numbers for , , , , and in the expression and evaluate the result. Larry ignored the parentheses but added and subtracted correctly and obtained the correct result by coincidence. The numbers Larry substituted for , , , and …
One dimension of a cube is increased by , another is decreased by , and the third is left unchanged. The volume of the new rectangular solid is less than that of the cube. What was the volume of the cube?
Find the value(s) of such that is true for all values of .
The product of three consecutive positive integers is times their sum. What is the sum of their squares?
A rectangular box has distinct edge lengths , , and . The sum of the lengths of all edges of is , the sum of the areas of all faces of is , and the volume of is . What is the length of the longest interior diagonal connecting two vertices of ?
The real number satisfies the equation . What is the value of
Which of the following conditions is sufficient to guarantee that integers , , and satisfy the equation
Real numbers and satisfy and . What is the value of
What is the least possible value of where is a real number?
All the numbers are assigned to the six faces of a cube, one number to each face. For each of the eight vertices of the cube, a product of three numbers is computed, where the three numbers are the numbers assigned to the three faces that include that vertex. What is the greatest possible value of …
A rectangle with positive integer side lengths in has area and perimeter . Which of the following numbers cannot equal ?
Let and be relatively prime positive integers with and . What is ?
Suppose that the number satisfies the equation . What is the value of ?
Two non-zero real numbers, and satisfy . Which of the following is a possible value of ?
Let , , and be nonnegative integers such that . What is the maximum value of ?
What is the remainder when is divided by ?
Let , , and be positive integers with such that \begin{align}a^2-b^2-c^2+ab&=2011\text{ and}\\ a^2+3b^2+3c^2-3ab-2ac-2bc&=-1997.\end{align} What is ?
Let , , and be real numbers such that and . Then is