AMC 10 Step by Step

Topics / Algebra

Algebraic Manipulation

Factoring tricks (SFFT, difference of squares, sum of cubes), telescoping products, clever substitution, symmetric expressions

42
primary-topic problems (3.2% of all)
49
more as a secondary topic
Where it appears
22
P1-10
10
P11-15
8
P16-20
2
P21-25

What you need to know

  • Core identities: a2b2=(ab)(a+b)a^2-b^2=(a-b)(a+b), (a±b)2=a2±2ab+b2(a\pm b)^2=a^2\pm2ab+b^2, a3±b3=(a±b)(a2ab+b2)a^3\pm b^3=(a\pm b)(a^2\mp ab+b^2), (a+b)3=a3+b3+3ab(a+b)(a+b)^3=a^3+b^3+3ab(a+b).
  • Simon's Favorite Factoring Trick (SFFT): xy+ax+by+ab=(x+a)(y+b)xy+ax+by+ab=(x+a)(y+b). Given xy+ax+by=cxy+ax+by=c, add abab to both sides and read off factor pairs of c+abc+ab.
  • Symmetric expressions: a2+b2+c2=(a+b+c)22(ab+bc+ca)a^2+b^2+c^2=(a+b+c)^2-2(ab+bc+ca) and a3+b3+c33abc=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2abbcca)a^3+b^3+c^3-3abc=(a+b+c)(a^2+b^2+c^2-ab-bc-ca).
  • Sophie Germain: a4+4b4=(a2+2ab+2b2)(a22ab+2b2)a^4+4b^4=(a^2+2ab+2b^2)(a^2-2ab+2b^2); also x4+x2+1=(x2+x+1)(x2x+1)x^4+x^2+1=(x^2+x+1)(x^2-x+1).
  • With t=x+1xt=x+\frac1x: x2+1x2=t22x^2+\frac1{x^2}=t^2-2 and x3+1x3=t33tx^3+\frac1{x^3}=t^3-3t.
  • Telescoping products: (11k2)=(k1)(k+1)kk\prod\left(1-\frac1{k^2}\right)=\prod\frac{(k-1)(k+1)}{k\cdot k} collapses after factoring.

How AMC 10 tests it

  • Problems 3–10: a numeric expression such as 2024220232\frac{2024^2-2023^2}{\dots} or 31302928+1\sqrt{31\cdot30\cdot29\cdot28+1} where brute force is possible but an identity makes it instant.
  • Problems 8–15: "find all positive integers x,yx,y with xy3x+2y=20xy-3x+2y=20" — SFFT, then count or sum the factor-pair solutions.
  • Problems 10–16: given x+1x=kx+\frac1x=k, compute xn+1xnx^n+\frac1{x^n} or x4+x4x^4+x^{-4}.
  • Problems 12–18: a long product like n31n3+1\prod\frac{n^3-1}{n^3+1} or (1+1n)\prod\left(1+\frac1n\right) that telescopes after factoring.
  • Problems 15–22: three variables with a+b+ca+b+c, ab+bc+caab+bc+ca, abcabc given (or derivable), asking for a3+b3+c3a^3+b^3+c^3 or a similar power sum.

Standard approaches

  1. Before computing, ask whether the expression is a difference of squares, a perfect square, or a sum or difference of cubes in disguise.
  2. If an equation has an xyxy term and linear terms, rearrange for SFFT and list all factor pairs of the constant, including negative ones.
  3. For x±1xx\pm\frac1x problems, define tt and use xn+1+x(n+1)=t(xn+xn)(xn1+x(n1))x^{n+1}+x^{-(n+1)}=t\,(x^n+x^{-n})-(x^{n-1}+x^{-(n-1)}).
  4. For long products or sums, factor each term completely and write out three or four consecutive terms to see what cancels.
  5. If a numeric expression looks designed, replace the big number by nn and simplify symbolically.

Worked example

How many ordered pairs of integers (x,y)(x,y) satisfy xy+4x3y=30xy+4x-3y=30?

(A) 66 (B) 88 (C) 1010 (D) 1212 (E) 1818

Group the terms: x(y+4)3y=30x(y+4)-3y=30. To complete the factorization subtract 1212 from both sides:
x(y+4)3(y+4)=18(x3)(y+4)=18. x(y+4)-3(y+4)=18\quad\Longrightarrow\quad (x-3)(y+4)=18 .
Every integer factorization 18=uv18=uv gives exactly one solution x=u+3x=u+3, y=v4y=v-4. The number 18=23218=2\cdot3^2 has (1+1)(2+1)=6(1+1)(2+1)=6 positive divisors, so there are 66 ordered positive factor pairs and 66 more with both factors negative, for 1212 pairs in all. The answer is (D) 12\boxed{\textbf{(D)}\ 12}.

Pitfalls

  • Forgetting negative factor pairs in SFFT (halving the count), or adding the completing constant to only one side.
  • Sign errors between a3b3a^3-b^3 and a3+b3a^3+b^3, or in (ab)2=a22ab+b2(a-b)^2=a^2-2ab+b^2.
  • Expanding a designed expression numerically instead of substituting a variable.
  • In telescoping products, cancelling correctly but forgetting which boundary terms survive at each end.

Traps that recur

  • Trying to reduce 2^202 by finding the order of 2 modulo the divisor, or forgetting to check that 201 is smaller than the divisor. (2020 AMC 10B #22)
  • Trying to solve the system directly or subtracting the equations instead of adding them; the sum is the one combination that collapses to a sum of squares. (2012 AMC 10A #24)
  • Trying to solve the two equations for a, b, c individually; the system has infinitely many solutions, and the target expression is the same for all of them. (2002 AMC 10B #20)
  • Using 13 as a + b + c (each edge length appears 4 times, so a + b + c = 13/4) or 11/2 as ab + bc + ca instead of 11/4. (2023 AMC 10B #17)

Problems, easiest first

2024 AMC 10B · #2Algebraic Manipulation

What is 10!7!6!10! - 7! \cdot 6! (A) 120(B) 0(C) 120(D) 600(E) 720\textbf{(A) } -120 \qquad\textbf{(B) } 0 \qquad\textbf{(C) } 120 \qquad\textbf{(D) } 600 \qquad\textbf{(E) } 720 [ONLY FOR CERTAIN CHINESE TESTPAPERS] What is 10!7!6!5!10! - 7! \cdot 6! - 5!

2024 AMC 10A · #1Algebraic Manipulation

What is the value of 99011019910101?9901\cdot101-99\cdot10101?

2021 AMC Fall 10A · #1Algebraic Manipulation

What is the value of (21122021)2169\frac{(2112-2021)^2}{169} ?

2021 AMC Fall 10B · #3Algebraic Manipulation

The expression 2021202020202021\frac{2021}{2020} - \frac{2020}{2021} is equal to the fraction pq\frac{p}{q} in which pp and qq are positive integers whose greatest common divisor is 1{ }1 . What is p?p?

2020 AMC 10A · #3Algebraic Manipulation

Assuming a3a\neq3 , b4b\neq4 , and c5c\neq5 , what is the value in simplest form of the following expression? a35cb43ac54b\frac{a-3}{5-c} \cdot \frac{b-4}{3-a} \cdot \frac{c-5}{4-b}

2020 AMC 10B · #1Algebraic Manipulation

What is the value of 1(2)3(4)5(6)?1 - (-2) - 3 - (-4) - 5 - (-6)?

2017 AMC 10A · #5Algebraic Manipulation

The sum of two nonzero real numbers is 44 times their product. What is the sum of the reciprocals of the two numbers?

2017 AMC 10B · #4Algebraic Manipulation

Suppose that xx and yy are nonzero real numbers such that 3x+yx3y=2\frac{3x+y}{x-3y}=-2 . What is the value of x+3y3xy\frac{x+3y}{3x-y} ?

2016 AMC 10A · #1Algebraic Manipulation

What is the value of 11!10!9!\dfrac{11!-10!}{9!} ?

2013 AMC 10B · #5Algebraic Manipulation

Positive integers aa and bb are each less than 66 . What is the smallest possible value for 2aab2 \cdot a - a \cdot b ?

2010 AMC 10B · #1Algebraic Manipulation

What is 100(1003)(1001003)100(100-3)-(100\cdot100-3) ?

2008 AMC 10A · #5Algebraic Manipulation

Which of the following is equal to the product 8412816124n+44n20082004?\frac{8}{4}\cdot\frac{12}{8}\cdot\frac{16}{12}\cdot\cdots\cdot\frac{4n+4}{4n}\cdot\cdots\cdot\frac{2008}{2004}?

2003 AMC 10B · #1Algebraic Manipulation

Which of the following is the same as 24+68+1012+1436+912+1518+21?\frac{2-4+6-8+10-12+14}{3-6+9-12+15-18+21}?

2002 AMC 10B · #4Algebraic Manipulation

What is the value of (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1(3x - 2)(4x + 1) - (3x - 2)4x + 1 when x=4x=4 ?

2024 AMC 10B · #9Algebraic Manipulation

Real numbers a,b,a, b, and cc have arithmetic mean 00 . The arithmetic mean of a2,b2,a^2, b^2, and c2c^2 is 1010 . What is the arithmetic mean of ab,ac,ab, ac, and bcbc ?

2022 AMC 10B · #5Algebraic Manipulation

What is the value of (1+13)(1+15)(1+17)(1132)(1152)(1172)?\frac{\left(1+\frac13\right)\left(1+\frac15\right)\left(1+\frac17\right)}{\sqrt{\left(1-\frac{1}{3^2}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{5^2}\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{7^2}\right)}}?

2021 AMC 10A · #9Algebraic Manipulation

What is the least possible value of (xy1)2+(x+y)2(xy-1)^2 + (x+y)^2 for real numbers xx and yy ?

2021 AMC 10A · #10Algebraic Manipulation

Which of the following is equivalent to (2+3)(22+32)(24+34)(28+38)(216+316)(232+332)(264+364)?(2+3)(2^2+3^2)(2^4+3^4)(2^8+3^8)(2^{16}+3^{16})(2^{32}+3^{32})(2^{64}+3^{64})?

2019 AMC 10B · #6Algebraic Manipulation

There is a real nn such that (n+1)!+(n+2)!=n!440(n+1)! + (n+2)! = n! \cdot 440 . What is the sum of the digits of nn ?

2018 AMC 10A · #10Algebraic Manipulation

Suppose that real number xx satisfies 49x225x2=3.\sqrt{49-x^2}-\sqrt{25-x^2}=3. What is the value of 49x2+25x2\sqrt{49-x^2}+\sqrt{25-x^2} ?

2015 AMC 10A · #12Algebraic Manipulation

Points (π,a)(\sqrt{\pi}, a) and (π,b)(\sqrt{\pi}, b) are distinct points on the graph of y2+x4=2x2y+1y^2+x^4=2x^2y+1 . What is ab|a-b| ?

2014 AMC 10B · #9Algebraic Manipulation

For real numbers ww and zz , 1w+1z1w1z=2014.\frac{\frac{1}{w} + \frac{1}{z}}{\frac{1}{w} - \frac{1}{z}} = 2014. What is w+zwz\frac{w+z}{w-z} ?

2013 AMC 10B · #14Algebraic Manipulation

Define ab=a2bab2a\clubsuit b=a^2b-ab^2 . Which of the following describes the set of points (x,y)(x, y) for which xy=yxx\clubsuit y=y\clubsuit x ?

2011 AMC 10B · #14Algebraic Manipulation

A rectangular parking lot has a diagonal of 2525 meters and an area of 168168 square meters. In meters, what is the perimeter of the parking lot?

2010 AMC 10B · #9Algebraic Manipulation

Lucky Larry's teacher asked him to substitute numbers for aa , bb , cc , dd , and ee in the expression a(b(c(d+e)))a-(b-(c-(d+e))) and evaluate the result. Larry ignored the parentheses but added and subtracted correctly and obtained the correct result by coincidence. The numbers Larry substituted for aa , bb , cc , and …

2009 AMC 10A · #11Algebraic Manipulation

One dimension of a cube is increased by 11 , another is decreased by 11 , and the third is left unchanged. The volume of the new rectangular solid is 55 less than that of the cube. What was the volume of the cube?

2002 AMC 10B · #13Algebraic Manipulation

Find the value(s) of xx such that 8xy12y+2x3=08xy - 12y + 2x - 3 = 0 is true for all values of yy .

2002 AMC 10B · #11Algebraic Manipulation

The product of three consecutive positive integers is 88 times their sum. What is the sum of their squares?

2023 AMC 10B · #17Algebraic Manipulation

A rectangular box PP has distinct edge lengths aa , bb , and cc . The sum of the lengths of all 1212 edges of PP is 1313 , the sum of the areas of all 66 faces of PP is 112\dfrac{11}{2} , and the volume of PP is 12\dfrac{1}{2} . What is the length of the longest interior diagonal connecting two vertices of PP ?

2021 AMC 10B · #15Algebraic Manipulation

The real number xx satisfies the equation x+1x=5x+\frac{1}{x} = \sqrt{5} . What is the value of x117x7+x3?x^{11}-7x^{7}+x^3?

2021 AMC Fall 10B · #12Algebraic Manipulation

Which of the following conditions is sufficient to guarantee that integers xx , yy , and zz satisfy the equation x(xy)+y(yz)+z(zx)=1?x(x-y)+y(y-z)+z(z-x) = 1?

2020 AMC 10A · #14Algebraic Manipulation

Real numbers xx and yy satisfy x+y=4x + y = 4 and xy=2x \cdot y = -2 . What is the value of x+x3y2+y3x2+y?x + \frac{x^3}{y^2} + \frac{y^3}{x^2} + y?

2019 AMC 10A · #19Algebraic Manipulation

What is the least possible value of (x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4)+2019(x+1)(x+2)(x+3)(x+4)+2019 where xx is a real number?

2016 AMC 10B · #17Algebraic Manipulation

All the numbers 2,3,4,5,6,72, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 are assigned to the six faces of a cube, one number to each face. For each of the eight vertices of the cube, a product of three numbers is computed, where the three numbers are the numbers assigned to the three faces that include that vertex. What is the greatest possible value of …

2015 AMC 10A · #20Algebraic Manipulation

A rectangle with positive integer side lengths in cm\text{cm} has area AA cm2\text{cm}^2 and perimeter PP cm\text{cm} . Which of the following numbers cannot equal A+PA+P ?

2012 AMC 10A · #17Algebraic Manipulation

Let aa and bb be relatively prime positive integers with a>b>0a>b>0 and a3b3(ab)3=733\dfrac{a^3-b^3}{(a-b)^3} = \dfrac{73}{3} . What is aba-b ?

2007 AMC 10A · #20Algebraic Manipulation

Suppose that the number aa satisfies the equation 4=a+a14 = a + a^{ - 1} . What is the value of a4+a4a^{4} + a^{ - 4} ?

2000 AMC 10 · #15Algebraic Manipulation

Two non-zero real numbers, aa and b,b, satisfy ab=abab = a - b . Which of the following is a possible value of ab+baab\frac {a}{b} + \frac {b}{a} - ab ?

2000 AMC 10 · #20Algebraic Manipulation

Let AA , MM , and CC be nonnegative integers such that A+M+C=10A+M+C=10 . What is the maximum value of AMC+AM+MC+CAA\cdot M\cdot C+A\cdot M+M\cdot C+C\cdot A ?

2020 AMC 10B · #22Algebraic Manipulation

What is the remainder when 2202+2022^{202} +202 is divided by 2101+251+12^{101}+2^{51}+1 ?

2012 AMC 10A · #24Algebraic Manipulation

Let aa , bb , and cc be positive integers with aa\ge bb\ge cc such that \begin{align}a^2-b^2-c^2+ab&=2011\text{ and}\\ a^2+3b^2+3c^2-3ab-2ac-2bc&=-1997.\end{align} What is aa ?

2002 AMC 10B · #20Algebraic Manipulation

Let aa , bb , and cc be real numbers such that a7b+8c=4a-7b+8c=4 and 8a+4bc=78a+4b-c=7 . Then a2b2+c2a^2-b^2+c^2 is