2003 AMC 10B Problem 1
Which of the following is the same as
Show solution without answering
Key insight
Each number on top is 2 times a counting number and the number right under it is 3 times the same counting number, so the fraction is 2/3.
Solution
1. Look at the top and bottom rows one position at a time: sits over , over , over , and so on up to over . Each top number is times something and the bottom number is times the same thing.
2. So the top row is times and the bottom row is times the same thing:
3. The bracket is not zero: grouping it as . Since it is a nonzero number on top and bottom, it cancels, leaving .
4. Check by adding directly. Top: . Bottom: . And .
The answer is .
Why this works
The top row is just the bottom row shrunk by the same factor, term by term. When every piece of one sum is the same multiple of the matching piece of another sum, the whole sums have that same ratio. Before adding a long row of numbers, check whether it is a copy of another row times a constant.
Concise solution
A shorter write-up, the way contest solutions are usually written. It may take a different route from the solution above.
The numerator is and the denominator is . Factor out the multipliers:
The alternating sum equals , which is not zero, so it cancels and the fraction equals .
As a check, the numerator is and the denominator is , and .
The answer is .
Review in the AoPS books
- Introduction to Algebra, Chapter 11: Special Factorizations (§11.2, §11.3, §11.5)
- Introduction to Algebra, Chapter 22: Special Manipulations
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Problem © Mathematical Association of America (MAA), American Mathematics Competitions. Reproduced for non-commercial educational use. Solution and commentary are original to this site. Also appeared as 2003 12B #1.