Four congruent semicircles are inscribed in a square of side length so that their diameters are on the sides of the square, one endpoint of each diameter is at a vertex of the square, and adjacent semicircles are tangent to each other. A small circle centered at the center of the square is tangent to each of the four semicircles, as shown below. The diameter of the small circle can be written as , where , , , and are integers. What is ?

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Problem © Mathematical Association of America (MAA), American Mathematics Competitions. Reproduced for non-commercial educational use. Solution and commentary are original to this site.