Topics / Logic, Statistics & Misc
Statistics & Data
Mean, median, mode, range, data tables, charts, weighted averages
What you need to know
- Mean , so the sum equals mean times count. Nearly every mean problem is a statement about the total.
- Median: sort first; for odd take the middle entry, for even the average of the two middle entries.
- Mode is the most frequent value; "unique mode" means it strictly beats every other frequency. Range max min.
- Weighted average of groups of sizes with means : .
How AMC 10 tests it
- Problems 1–8: compute one statistic from another; the difficulty is not confusing mean with median.
- "After the next test my average will be ": convert averages to totals and subtract.
- Mid-paper extremal problems: mean, median, mode, and range all specified; find the largest possible element by bound-plus-construction.
Standard approaches
- Rewrite every mean as a sum and every median as a condition on specific sorted positions.
- Track totals, not averages, when data is added or removed.
- For extremal problems, place the forced values (median slot, repeated mode), then push free values to their limits.
- Bound first, then construct: rule out the larger candidate, then exhibit a list achieving the next value.
Worked example
A list of five positive integers has mean , median , and unique mode . What is the largest possible range of the list?
(A) (B) (C) (D) (E)
Solution. Let the list be with sum and . The mode appears at least twice and only can be , so and . The range is , so minimize . Since appears exactly twice, no other value may repeat: and , so and . The list works, with range . The answer is .
Pitfalls
- Answering the mean when the sum is asked, or the median when the mean is asked.
- Forgetting to sort before locating the median.
- Ignoring "unique" in "unique mode": a tie in frequency ruins the construction.
- Averaging group averages without weighting by size.
Traps that recur
- Treating the median as 5.2 or one of the given numbers; with nine values the fifth must be an integer, so one of x, y, z has to sit in the middle. (2024 AMC 10B #15)
- Using five 8s to fill the bottom, which forces the other values up and yields 24; fewer 8s lets 1s in and gives a bigger maximum. (2014 AMC 10B #18)
- Ignoring that the mode must be unique, or forgetting the mean fixes the total at 64. (2002 AMC 10A #21)
- Assuming the mean is always the largest of the three statistics; when the median is x you must test all three orderings, and when the median is 4 you must discard solutions that leave the case's range. (2000 AMC 10 #23)
Problems, easiest first
The mean age of Amanda's cousins is , and their median age is . What is the sum of the ages of Amanda's youngest and oldest cousins?
On an algebra quiz, of the students scored points, scored points, scored points, and the rest scored points. What is the difference between the mean and median score of the students' scores on this quiz?
Mary’s top book shelf holds five books with the following widths, in centimeters: , , , , and . What is the average book width, in centimeters?
The average (mean) of numbers is , and the average of other numbers is . What is the average of all numbers?
The median of the list is . What is the mean?
Zelda played the Adventures of Math game on August 1 and scored points. She continued to play daily over the next days. The bar chart below shows the daily change in her score compared to the day before. (For example, Zelda's score on August 2 was points.) What was Zelda's average …
A data set consists of (not distinct) positive integers: , , , , , and . The average (arithmetic mean) of the numbers equals a value in the data set. What is the sum of all possible values of ?
A school has students and teachers. In the first period, each student is taking one class, and each teacher is teaching one class. The enrollments in the classes are and . Let be the average value obtained if a teacher is picked at random and the number of students in their class is …
Ms. Blackwell gives an exam to two classes. The mean of the scores of the students in the morning class is , and the afternoon class's mean score is . The ratio of the number of students in the morning class to the number of students in the afternoon class is . What is the mean of the scores of …
The mean, median, and mode of the data values are all equal to . What is the value of ?
The average age of 33 fifth-graders is 11. The average age of 55 of their parents is 33. What is the average age of all of these parents and fifth-graders?
The mean of three numbers is more than the least of the numbers and less than the greatest. The median of the three numbers is . What is their sum?
Camila writes down five positive integers. The unique mode of these integers is greater than their median, and the median is greater than their arithmetic mean. What is the least possible value for the mode?
Suppose that is a finite set of positive integers. If the greatest integer in is removed from , then the average value (arithmetic mean) of the integers remaining is . If the least integer in is also removed, then the average value of the integers remaining is . If the greatest integer is then …
In the following list of numbers, the integer appears times in the list for . What is the median of the numbers in this list?
What is the median of the following list of numbers
Melanie computes the mean , the median , and the modes of the values that are the dates in the months of . Thus her data consists of , , . . . , , , , and . Let be the median of the modes. …
What is the sum of all real numbers for which the median of the numbers and is equal to the mean of those five numbers?
A list of positive integers has a unique mode, which occurs exactly times. What is the least number of distinct values that can occur in the list?
An iterative average of the numbers , , , , and is computed the following way. Arrange the five numbers in some order. Find the mean of the first two numbers, then find the mean of that with the third number, then the mean of that with the fourth number, and finally the mean of that with the fifth …
Every high school in the city of Euclid sent a team of students to a math contest. Each participant in the contest received a different score. Andrea's score was the median among all students, and hers was the highest score on her team. Andrea's teammates Beth and Carla placed th and th, respectively. How …
On a certain math exam, of the students got points, got points, got points, got points, and the rest got points. What is the difference between the mean and the median score on this exam?
A list of real numbers consists of , , , , , and , as well as , , and with . The range of the list is , and the mean and the median are both positive integers. How many ordered triples ( , , ) are possible?
A list of positive integers has a mean of , a median of , and a unique mode of . What is the largest possible value of an integer in the list?
The mean, median, unique mode, and range of a collection of eight integers are all equal to 8. The largest integer that can be an element of this collection is
When the mean, median, and mode of the list are arranged in increasing order, they form a non-constant arithmetic progression. What is the sum of all possible real values of ?