AMC 10 Step by Step

Topics / Logic, Statistics & Misc

Statistics & Data

Mean, median, mode, range, data tables, charts, weighted averages

26
primary-topic problems (2.0% of all)
12
more as a secondary topic
Where it appears
11
P1-10
7
P11-15
6
P16-20
2
P21-25

What you need to know

  • Mean =sumcount= \dfrac{\text{sum}}{\text{count}}, so the sum equals mean times count. Nearly every mean problem is a statement about the total.
  • Median: sort first; for odd nn take the middle entry, for even nn the average of the two middle entries.
  • Mode is the most frequent value; "unique mode" means it strictly beats every other frequency. Range == max - min.
  • Weighted average of groups of sizes a,ba, b with means m1,m2m_1, m_2: am1+bm2a+b\dfrac{a m_1 + b m_2}{a+b}.

How AMC 10 tests it

  • Problems 1–8: compute one statistic from another; the difficulty is not confusing mean with median.
  • "After the next test my average will be kk": convert averages to totals and subtract.
  • Mid-paper extremal problems: mean, median, mode, and range all specified; find the largest possible element by bound-plus-construction.

Standard approaches

  1. Rewrite every mean as a sum and every median as a condition on specific sorted positions.
  2. Track totals, not averages, when data is added or removed.
  3. For extremal problems, place the forced values (median slot, repeated mode), then push free values to their limits.
  4. Bound first, then construct: rule out the larger candidate, then exhibit a list achieving the next value.

Worked example

A list of five positive integers has mean 1212, median 1313, and unique mode 1515. What is the largest possible range of the list?

(A) 88 (B) 99 (C) 1010 (D) 1111 (E) 1212

Solution. Let the list be abcdea \le b \le c \le d \le e with sum 6060 and c=13c = 13. The mode 1515 appears at least twice and only d,ed, e can be 1515, so d=e=15d = e = 15 and a+b=17a + b = 17. The range is 15a15 - a, so minimize aa. Since 1515 appears exactly twice, no other value may repeat: aba \ne b and b13b \ne 13, so b12b \le 12 and a5a \ge 5. The list 5,12,13,15,155, 12, 13, 15, 15 works, with range 1010. The answer is (C) 10\boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ 10}.

Pitfalls

  • Answering the mean when the sum is asked, or the median when the mean is asked.
  • Forgetting to sort before locating the median.
  • Ignoring "unique" in "unique mode": a tie in frequency ruins the construction.
  • Averaging group averages without weighting by size.

Traps that recur

  • Treating the median as 5.2 or one of the given numbers; with nine values the fifth must be an integer, so one of x, y, z has to sit in the middle. (2024 AMC 10B #15)
  • Using five 8s to fill the bottom, which forces the other values up and yields 24; fewer 8s lets 1s in and gives a bigger maximum. (2014 AMC 10B #18)
  • Ignoring that the mode must be unique, or forgetting the mean fixes the total at 64. (2002 AMC 10A #21)
  • Assuming the mean is always the largest of the three statistics; when the median is x you must test all three orderings, and when the median is 4 you must discard solutions that leave the case's range. (2000 AMC 10 #23)

Problems, easiest first

2016 AMC 10B · #5Statistics & Data

The mean age of Amanda's 44 cousins is 88 , and their median age is 55 . What is the sum of the ages of Amanda's youngest and oldest cousins?

2014 AMC 10A · #5Statistics & Data

On an algebra quiz, 10%10\% of the students scored 7070 points, 35%35\% scored 8080 points, 30%30\% scored 9090 points, and the rest scored 100100 points. What is the difference between the mean and median score of the students' scores on this quiz?

2010 AMC 10A · #1Statistics & Data

Mary’s top book shelf holds five books with the following widths, in centimeters: 66 , 12\dfrac{1}{2} , 11 , 2.52.5 , and 1010 . What is the average book width, in centimeters?

2005 AMC 10A · #6Statistics & Data

The average (mean) of 2020 numbers is 3030 , and the average of 3030 other numbers is 2020 . What is the average of all 5050 numbers?

2001 AMC 10 · #1Statistics & Data

The median of the list n,n+3,n+4,n+5,n+6,n+8,n+10,n+12,n+15n, n + 3, n + 4, n + 5, n + 6, n + 8, n + 10, n + 12, n + 15 is 1010 . What is the mean?

2024 AMC 10A · #12Statistics & Data

Zelda played the Adventures of Math game on August 1 and scored 1,7001,700 points. She continued to play daily over the next 55 days. The bar chart below shows the daily change in her score compared to the day before. (For example, Zelda's score on August 2 was 1,700+80=1,7801,700 + 80 = 1,780 points.) What was Zelda's average …

2022 AMC 10A · #8Statistics & Data

A data set consists of 66 (not distinct) positive integers: 11 , 77 , 55 , 22 , 55 , and XX . The average (arithmetic mean) of the 66 numbers equals a value in the data set. What is the sum of all possible values of XX ?

2021 AMC Fall 10A · #10Statistics & Data

A school has 100100 students and 55 teachers. In the first period, each student is taking one class, and each teacher is teaching one class. The enrollments in the classes are 50,20,20,5,50, 20, 20, 5, and 55 . Let tt be the average value obtained if a teacher is picked at random and the number of students in their class is …

2021 AMC 10B · #6Statistics & Data

Ms. Blackwell gives an exam to two classes. The mean of the scores of the students in the morning class is 8484 , and the afternoon class's mean score is 7070 . The ratio of the number of students in the morning class to the number of students in the afternoon class is 34\frac{ 3}{4} . What is the mean of the scores of …

2016 AMC 10A · #7Statistics & Data

The mean, median, and mode of the 77 data values 60,100,x,40,50,200,9060, 100, x, 40, 50, 200, 90 are all equal to xx . What is the value of xx ?

2013 AMC 10B · #6Statistics & Data

The average age of 33 fifth-graders is 11. The average age of 55 of their parents is 33. What is the average age of all of these parents and fifth-graders?

2001 AMC 10 · #16Statistics & Data

The mean of three numbers is 1010 more than the least of the numbers and 1515 less than the greatest. The median of the three numbers is 55 . What is their sum?

2022 AMC 10B · #10Statistics & Data

Camila writes down five positive integers. The unique mode of these integers is 22 greater than their median, and the median is 22 greater than their arithmetic mean. What is the least possible value for the mode?

2021 AMC 10B · #19Statistics & Data

Suppose that SS is a finite set of positive integers. If the greatest integer in SS is removed from SS , then the average value (arithmetic mean) of the integers remaining is 3232 . If the least integer in SS is also removed, then the average value of the integers remaining is 3535 . If the greatest integer is then …

2021 AMC 10A · #16Statistics & Data

In the following list of numbers, the integer nn appears nn times in the list for 1n2001 \leq n \leq 200 . 1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,,200,200,,2001, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, \dots, 200, 200, \dots , 200 What is the median of the numbers in this list?

2020 AMC 10A · #11Statistics & Data

What is the median of the following list of 40404040 numbers ?? 1,2,3,,2020,12,22,32,,202021, 2, 3, \ldots, 2020, 1^2, 2^2, 3^2, \ldots, 2020^2

2019 AMC 10A · #12Statistics & Data

Melanie computes the mean μ\mu , the median MM , and the modes of the 365365 values that are the dates in the months of 20192019 . Thus her data consists of 1212 1s1\text{s} , 1212 2s2\text{s} , . . . , 1212 28s28\text{s} , 1111 29s29\text{s} , 1111 30s30\text{s} , and 77 31s31\text{s} . Let dd be the median of the modes. …

2019 AMC 10B · #13Statistics & Data

What is the sum of all real numbers xx for which the median of the numbers 4,6,8,17,4,6,8,17, and xx is equal to the mean of those five numbers?

2018 AMC 10B · #14Statistics & Data

A list of 20182018 positive integers has a unique mode, which occurs exactly 1010 times. What is the least number of distinct values that can occur in the list?

2012 AMC 10A · #13Statistics & Data

An iterative average of the numbers 11 , 22 , 33 , 44 , and 55 is computed the following way. Arrange the five numbers in some order. Find the mean of the first two numbers, then find the mean of that with the third number, then the mean of that with the fourth number, and finally the mean of that with the fifth …

2010 AMC 10B · #17Statistics & Data

Every high school in the city of Euclid sent a team of 33 students to a math contest. Each participant in the contest received a different score. Andrea's score was the median among all students, and hers was the highest score on her team. Andrea's teammates Beth and Carla placed 3737 th and 6464 th, respectively. How …

2005 AMC 10B · #19Statistics & Data

On a certain math exam, 10%10\% of the students got 7070 points, 25%25\% got 8080 points, 20%20\% got 8585 points, 15%15\% got 9090 points, and the rest got 9595 points. What is the difference between the mean and the median score on this exam?

2024 AMC 10B · #15Statistics & Data

A list of 99 real numbers consists of 11 , 2.22.2 , 3.23.2 , 5.25.2 , 6.26.2 , and 77 , as well as xx , yy , and zz with xx \le yy \le zz . The range of the list is 77 , and the mean and the median are both positive integers. How many ordered triples ( xx , yy , zz ) are possible?

2014 AMC 10B · #18Statistics & Data

A list of 1111 positive integers has a mean of 1010 , a median of 99 , and a unique mode of 88 . What is the largest possible value of an integer in the list?

2002 AMC 10A · #21Statistics & Data

The mean, median, unique mode, and range of a collection of eight integers are all equal to 8. The largest integer that can be an element of this collection is

2000 AMC 10 · #23Statistics & Data

When the mean, median, and mode of the list 10,2,5,2,4,2,x10,2,5,2,4,2,x are arranged in increasing order, they form a non-constant arithmetic progression. What is the sum of all possible real values of xx ?