What is the sign and units digit of the product of all the odd negative integers strictly greater than ?
- A)
- B)
- C)
- D)
- E)
Answer
C
Key insight
There are 1007 negative numbers, an odd count, so the product is negative. All the numbers are odd and one of them is -5, so the product ends in 5.
Solution
We need two things: the sign and the last digit. Handle them separately.
- List the numbers. The odd negative integers bigger than are . The number itself is not included, because the problem says "strictly greater".
- Count them. Ignoring signs, these are the odd numbers . From to there are whole numbers and half of them are odd, so there are numbers.
- The sign. Each pair of negatives multiplies to a positive. With negative numbers, an odd count, one is left over after pairing, so the product is negative.
- The last digit. Every number in the list is odd, so the product is odd. The list includes , so the product is a multiple of . A multiple of ends in or , and an odd one ends in .
So the product is negative and ends in .
The answer is
Why this works
You never have to multiply anything out. The sign of a product depends only on how many negative numbers are in it: an odd count gives a negative result. The last digit comes from two quick facts: a multiple of ends in or , and an odd number cannot end in .
The trap
Counting 1008 numbers (by including -2015) and deciding the product is positive, choice (D).
Concise solution
The integers in question are (not , since "strictly greater"). Writing them as for , there are of them.
Sign: each factor is negative and there are factors, an odd number, so the product is negative.
Units digit: the absolute value is . This product is odd (all factors odd) and divisible by (it contains the factor ). An odd multiple of ends in .
So the product is negative and ends in :
Review in the AoPS books
- Introduction to Number Theory, Chapter 12: Introduction to Modular Arithmetic
- Introduction to Number Theory, Chapter 1: Integers: The Basics
- Introduction to Number Theory, Chapter 10: Units Digits
- Introduction to Algebra, Chapter 20: Special Functions (§20.3)
Techniques
Set up the equation/formula and compute; no special trick needed · Use an invariant, parity, or coloring argument